The electric location routing problem under ambient temperature

This study investigates how the location-routing decisions of the electric vehicle (EV) DCFC charging stations are impacted by the ambient temperature. We formulated this problem as a mixed-integer linear programming model that captures the realistic charging behavior of the DCFC's in association with the ambient temperature and their subsequent impact on the EV charging station location and routing decisions. Two innovative heuristics are proposed to solve this challenging model in a realistic test setting, namely, the two-phase Tabu Search-modified Clarke and Wright algorithm and the Sweep-based Iterative Greedy Adaptive Large Neighborhood algorithm. We use Fargo city in North Dakota as a testbed to visualize and validate the algorithm performances. The results clearly indicate that the EV DCFC charging station location decisions are highly sensitive to the ambient temperature, the charging time, and the initial state-of-charge.