Opposition Tactics on the Implementation of Advocacy-Driven Institutional Reforms: A Study of Mining Environmental Assesment in Peru

Between 2008 and 2015, Peru underwent significant institutional reforms to enhance state autonomy in regulating the environmental impact of mining. Advocacy Coalition Networks (ACNs), comprising grassroots organizations, NGOs, academics, and state actors, played a crucial role in advocating for these reforms and shifting public opinion both nationally and internationally. However, the implementation of the reforms fell short of meeting the initial objectives and demands of the ACNs and local communities. During the formulation and implementation phase, the powerful opposition from mining stakeholders employed tactics such as revolving doors, minimal changes, delays, and passing the buck, undermining the intended outcomes. This study highlights the challenges faced by ACNs in influencing environmental reforms during the transition from approval to formulation and implementation stages. It emphasizes the role of the political economy and the importance of forming alliances with influential institutional actors to counterbalance opposition.