MRI retrospective respiratory gating and cardiac sensing by CW Doppler radar: A feasibility study

Objective: This study investigates the feasibility of non-contact retrospective respiratory gating and cardiac sensing using continuous wave Doppler radar deployed in an MRI system. The proposed technique can complement existing sensors which are difficult to apply for certain patient populations. Methods: We leverage a software-defined radio for continuous wave radar at 2.4 GHz to detect in-vivo respiratory and cardiac timescrolled signals. In-bore radar signal demodulation is verified with full electromagnetic simulations, and its functionality is validated on a test bench and within the MR bore with four normal subjects. Radar sensing was compared against well-known references: electrocardiography on a test bench, system bellows, and pulsed plethysmography sensors with in the MRI bore. Results: The feasibility of noncontact cardiac rate sensing, dynamic breathing sequence synchronization, and in-bore motion correction for retrospective respiratory gating applications was demonstrated. Optimal radar front-end system arrangement, along with spectral isolation and narrow bandwidth of operation, enable MRI-compatible and interference-free motion sensing. The signal-to-noise-ratio degradation by the radar integration was within 4.5% on phantom images. Conclusion: We confirmed that in-bore retrospective motion correction using CW Doppler radar is feasible without MRI system constraints.