Estados fact-checkers: una tipología sobre fact-checking ejecutado desde el Estado

Over the last decade, fake news and disinformation levels have risen at an accelerated pace. Among the diverse tools to address disinformation, some States have adopted fact-checking as a measure to their governmental functions, whether anchored or transitory. Therefore, considering the limited exploration of the ties between verification systems and States, this article proposes a fact-checking typology from the state, categorizing African, Asian, and Latin American countries. This typology is based on two dimensions: scope and sustainability. Scope categorizes States that handle fact-checking at a national or sectoral level. Sustainability categorizes States that implement fact-checking permanently or temporarily. As a result, we conceptualize four types of strategies: (1) verification strategies, where States apply fact-checking permanently and at a national level; (2) operational strategies, where States use factchecking as a permanent verification mechanism but solely at the sectoral level; (3) discretional strategies, where States apply fact-checking at the national level but during specific periods; (4) prospective strategies, where States implement fact-checking at specific times and only at a sectoral level. Through qualitative methodology and information analysis, the article aims to demonstrate that a single conceptualization applies to multiple regions, beyond contextual dissimilarities and historical legacies.