Emergence of champion solitons from two-solitary-wave interactions in the fourth-order generalized Korteweg–de Vries equation

Two-solitary-wave interactions are investigated within the fourth-order generalized Korteweg–de Vries equation. This equation is closely related to the classical Korteweg–de Vries equation but includes a quartic nonlinear term. We show that, although collisions between two solitary waves are not perfectly elastic, only a small amount of radiation is generated during the interaction. This allows a clear characterization of the collision type based on the number of local maxima observed during the interaction, following the Lax geometric categorization. Our results indicate that, in contrast to several non-integrable systems such as the Schamel equation and Whitham-type equations, the collision type depends solely on the ratio of the initial solitary-wave amplitudes. Moreover, after the interaction, the larger solitary wave increases its amplitude while the smaller one decreases. This behavior suggests that extreme, or freak waves or champion solitons may arise from the interaction of multiple solitary waves.