Living Standards on the New Frontier: An Estimation of Welfare Ratios in San Francisco

This article estimates welfare ratios in San Francisco, California, between 1848 and 1900. The evidence indicates that both unskilled and skilled workers could easily meet their basic needs during the Gold Rush. After 1850, the welfare ratio declined; however, workers were still able to cover their needs. Large families had lower welfare ratios than single workers; nevertheless, even laborers with a wife and several children could afford their basic necessities. An international comparison reveals that San Francisco's welfare ratio was high by global standards.