Social, Technological, Economic, and Policy Factors in the Circular Economy Transition in Brazil

A well-functioning circular economy (CE) integrates resilience across economic, environmental, and social dimensions. This study identifies key drivers and barriers to Brazil's CE transition through 20 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders. Major sociocultural barriers include inadequate education and limited CE awareness, while growing environmental consciousness and traditional reuse practices act as drivers. Policy barriers stem from the absence of dedicated CE regulations, though national sustainability efforts offer opportunities. Technological limitations arise from insufficient research, but efficiency-enhancing innovations and digital business models show promise. Economically, high transition costs hinder progress, whereas resource efficiency boosts competitiveness and job creation. Key priorities for advancing CE include raising public awareness, integrating CE into education, supporting waste pickers, developing decentralised regulations, improving waste management, fostering innovation hubs, and providing financial incentives for circular business models. Stakeholder engagement—particularly policymakers, civil society, and private enterprises—remains essential to accelerating CE adoption in Brazil.