Simulation-Based Evaluation of Vehicle-to-Grid Integration for Microgrid Frequency Control and Power Balancing

This paper investigates the integration of a Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) system into a hybrid microgrid with conventional and renewable sources, evaluating its effectiveness in frequency regulation and power balancing. The architecture comprises a diesel generator, a photovoltaic (PV) plant, a wind system, and 140 electric vehicles (EVs) under five user profiles. The system is dimensioned to supply about 4,000 residential units under moderate seasonal demand. A 24-hour dynamic simulation analyzes interactions among generation, load, and bidirectional energy exchange via V2G. The diesel generator provides frequency support during load disturbances, while renewable sources exhibit intermittency from environmental variability. The V2G fleet contributes by modulating charging/discharging cycles, supporting peak-load mitigation and frequency stabilization. Results across baseline and contingency scenarios (PV or wind disconnection) show that coordinated EV integration cuts diesel use by 13.7 % (165.3 MWh to 142.7 MWh), raises renewable utilization from 62.4 % to 78.1 %, and narrows frequency deviations from ± 0.25 H z to ± 0.15 Hz. These outcomes highlight V2G's role in enhancing resilience and renewable absorption in microgrids. While simulationbased, the study provides quantitative evidence and a modeling framework useful for grid operators, designers, and policymakers aiming to strengthen flexibility and sustainability in distributed energy systems.