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Item type:Publication, Turning Over a New Leaf: Regional Applicability of Innovative Drug Crop Control Policy in The Andes.(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, 2020-06)En este artículo se examinan las estrategias de control de la coca y de desarrollo en Bolivia y el Perú mediante la intersección del desarrollo participativo, el control social y la relación entre los cultivadores y el Estado. Bolivia ha surgido como líder mundial en la formulación de un modelo participativo y no violento para hacer frente al comercio de la cocaína. Entre 2006 y 2019, el Gobierno limitó la producción de coca mediante el control a nivel comunitario. Nuestro estudio concluye que el modelo boliviano no sólo ha demostrado ser más eficaz para reducir la superficie de coca que las medidas represivas, sino que también ha ampliado efectivamente los derechos sociales y civiles en regiones hasta ahora marginales. En cambio, el Perú ha seguido conceptualizando las 'drogas' como una cuestión de delincuencia y seguridad. Este enfoque ha llevado a la erradicación forzosa de cultivos financiada por los Estados Unidos, en donde la carga de la "guerra contra las drogas" recae en los agricultores empobrecidos y genera violencia e inestabilidad. A petición de los agricultores, el Gobierno peruano está estudiando actualmente la posibilidad de aplicar parcialmente el modelo boliviano en el Perú. ¿Podría funcionar? Abordamos esta cuestión a través de un trabajo de campo etnográfico, datos de entrevistas y debates de grupos de discusión en ambos países, combinados con investigaciones secundarias extraídas de informes del gobierno, las ONG y los organismos internacionales. Consideramos que para que el control comunitario tenga una posibilidad razonable de éxito en el Perú es necesario fortalecer algunas esferas clave. Entre ellas figuran, la capacidad de las organizaciones de base para autogestionarse, el fomento de la confianza en el Estado mediante una mayor colaboración y la incorporación de los cocaleros a las instituciones de desarrollo y de control de cultivos. En términos más generales, este estudio muestra cómo el éxito del desarrollo participativo depende de dos elementos. El primero es la existencia de organizaciones de base fuertes y funcionales que se refuerzan mediante un claro sentido de identidad colectiva. El otro es la confianza en el Estado, y la medida en que el Estado se compromete a permitir que los sectores rurales, indígenas y pobres de la sociedad mejoren sus vidas.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, From criminals to citizens: the applicability of Bolivia's community-based coca control policy to Peru(Elsevier, 2021-10-01)Between 2006 and 2019, Bolivia emerged as a world leader in formulating a participatory, non-violent model to gradually limit coca production in a safe and sustainable manner while simultaneously offering farmers realistic economic alternatives to coca. Our study finds that not only has this model reduced violence, but it has effectively expanded social and civil rights in hitherto marginal regions. In contrast, Peru has continued to conceptualize ‘drugs’ as a crime and security issue. This has led to U.S.-financed forced crop eradication, putting the burden onto impoverished farmers, generating violence and instability. At the request of farmers, the Peruvian government has made a tentative move towards implementing one aspect of Bolivia's community control in Peru. Could it work? We address this question by focusing on participatory development with a special emphasis on the role of local organizations and the relationship between growers and the state. Drawing on long-term ethnographic fieldwork, interviews, focus group discussions and secondary research, we find that for community control to have any chance of success in Peru, grassroots organizations must be strengthened and grower trust in the state created. The study also demonstrates that successful participatory development in drug crop regions is contingent on land titling and robust state investment, which strengthens farmer resolve to participate so as to avoid a return to the repression of the past. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Agricultural land degradation in Peru and Bolivia(Springer Nature, 2022-01-01)Soil erosion is the most prominent evidence of soil degradation and is regarded as the main type of agricultural land degradation worldwide. The objective of this contribution is to assess soil degradation associated with agricultural lands in Peru and Bolivia. The assessment is mainly based on a recent soil erosion survey; maps describing soil erosion rates across 5 km grids for the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020; and global observations of agricultural land areas. We observe that soil erosion rates in agricultural lands from Peru and Bolivia are steadily growing. We also observe that (1) the highest quantities of soil erosion are found in the Andean highlands and the largest areas of soil denudation in the Amazonian sections, and (2) there is a positive relation between erosion degree and soil organic carbon stock. The main drivers of soil erosion are the intensive agriculture production and fertilizer use that have increased in Peru and Bolivia. This land use intensification in both countries is also the driver of other land degradation factors such as soil salinization and soil pollution. The use of sewage (e.g., gray water) in urban and peri-urban agricultural areas increases the risk to soil health by inducing the dispersion of microplastics assisted by soil erosion. Overgrazing affects a large portion of the highlands from both countries. Very limited information of the extent of slash-and-burn fire agriculture exists; however, this practice is mostly observed in the Department of Santa Cruz (Bolivia). To prevent or minimize the pressure on soil resources associated with soil erosion or soil pollution, we highlight the need to support sustainable soil management practices and responsible use of fertilizers in agricultural land.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Passiflora calicicalyx, a new species in section Decaloba (Passifloraceae) from Bolivia(Missouri Botanical Garden, 2022-03-07)Passiflora calicicalyx T. Boza & J. M. MacDougal, a new species of Passiflora L. known only from near Cochabamba, Bolivia, is described and illustrated from photographs and dry material. The new species is similar to P. tatei Killip & Rusby but differs by being glabrescent, with glabrous ovary, and entire bracts only toward the base of the peduncle. It is placed in Passiflora subg. Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. sect. Decaloba DC.