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Evapotranspiration in the Amazon Basin: Couplings, hydrological memory and water feedback
(Elsevier B.V., 2024-06-01)
The hydrological cycle of the Amazon Basin is characterized by a multitude of interactions between the atmosphere and surface processes, involving several temporal and spatial scales. Evapotranspiration is a key variable in the water and energy balance, particularly in this watershed that is home to the world largest rainforest. This study analyzed evapotranspiration in the Amazon Basin using the concepts of Coupling (one way relationship between two variables), Memory (temporal permanence of a state or anomaly in the behavior of one variable) and Feedback (two way relationships between two variables), during a 62-year period (12/1959–11/2021). This study found that the seasonality of precipitation, mainly due to the South American Monsoon, determines when evapotranspiration is mainly driven by (or coupled with) net radiation at the surface or soil moisture. Moreover, in the regions where seasonality of precipitation is strong, the previous hydroclimatic conditions due to hydrological memory (reaching just over 90 days in shallow soils) influences the evapotranspiration during the relatively dry season. Regarding water feedback, this study found that the dependence of seasonal precipitation of the Amazon Basin from their hydrobiological processes (fraction of precipitation recycled by Amazonian evapotranspiration) increases with the distance from the Atlantic Ocean, mainly during the non-monsoonal circulation. This process is particularly remarkable in the Amazon-Andes transition zone. However, the spatial pattern and height of water recycled in this watershed is mainly determined by the dominant circulation pattern of atmospheric fluxes in each season.
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The Andes–Amazon–Atlantic pathway: A foundational hydroclimate system for social–ecological system sustainability
(National Academy of Sciences, 2024-05-28)
The Amazon River Basin’s extraordinary social–ecological system is sustained by various water phases, fluxes, and stores that are interconnected across the tropical Andes mountains, Amazon lowlands, and Atlantic Ocean. This “Andes–Amazon–Atlantic” (AAA) pathway is a complex hydroclimatic system linked by the regional water cycle through atmospheric circulation and continental hydrology. Here, we aim to articulate the AAA hydroclimate pathway as a foundational system for research, management, conservation, and governance of aquatic systems of the Amazon Basin. We identify and describe the AAA pathway as an interdependent, multidirectional, and multiscale hydroclimate system. We then present an assessment of recent (1981 to 2020) changes in the AAA pathway, primarily reflecting an acceleration in the rates of hydrologic fluxes (i.e., water cycle intensification). We discuss how the changing AAA pathway orchestrates and impacts social–ecological systems. We conclude with four recommendations for the sustainability of the AAA pathway in ongoing research, management, conservation, and governance.
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"Laudato si'": reflexiones sobre la crisis ecológica y el cambio climático
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2026-06-19)
The ecological crisis we are experiencing today is the result of human actions. We have exploited and polluted the planet beyond measure, exceeding the ecosystem’s capacity to restore itself. In response to this situation, the Church has analyzed the situation in various documents, proposing that human beings be integrated into the conservation and care of the planet. It calls on us to take action to conserve the earth, proposing an integrated management of the Amazon. It thus proposes the term «Integral Ecology» as one that encompasses ecological principles that incorporate the human presence. Any proposal must therefore take human beings into account in order to achieve the conservation of the planet and, specifically, of the Amazon.

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