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Item type:Publication, High-resolution grids of daily air temperature for Peru - the new PISCOt v1.2 dataset(Center for Open Science, 2022-12-30)Gridded high-resolution climate datasets are increasingly important for a wide range of modelling applications. Here we present PISCOt (v1.2), a novel high spatial resolution (0.01°) dataset of daily air temperature for entire Peru (1981-2020). The dataset development involves four main steps: i) quality control; ii) gap-filling; iii) homogenisation of weather stations, and iv) spatial interpolation using additional data, a revised calculation sequence and an enhanced version control. This improved methodological framework enables capturing complex spatial variability of maximum and minimum air temperature at a more accurate scale compared to other existing datasets (e.g. PISCOt v1.1, ERA5-Land, TerraClimate, CHIRTS). PISCOt performs well with mean absolute errors of 1.4 °C and 1.2 °C for maximum and minimum air temperature, respectively. For the first time, PISCOt v1.2 adequately captures complex climatology at high spatiotemporal resolution and therefore provides a substantial improvement for numerous applications at local-regional level. This is particularly useful in view of data scarcity and urgently needed model-based decision making for climate change, water balance and ecosystem assessment studies in Peru.8 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The 2022–23 drought in the South American Altiplano: ENSO effects on moisture flux in the western Amazon during the pre-wet season(Elsevier B.V., 2024-09-01)The 2022-23 hydrological year in the Lake Titicaca, Desaguadero River, and Lake Poopó hydrological system (TDPS) over the South American Altiplano constituted a historically dry period. This drought was particularly severe during the pre-wet season (October–December), when the TDPS and the adjacent Andean-Amazon region experienced as much as 60% reductions in rainfall. Consequently, Titicaca Lake water levels decreased by 0.05 m from December to January, which is part of the rising lake level period of normal conditions. Such conditions have not been seen since the El Niño-related drought of 1982-83. Using a set of hydroclimatic, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and atmospheric reanalysis datasets, we find that this new historical drought was associated with enhanced southerly moisture flux anomalies, reducing the inflow of moisture-laden winds from the Amazon basin to the TDPS. Such anomalies in moisture transport were not seen since at least the 1950s. The atmospheric dynamics associated with this drought are related to La Niña SST anomalies via subtropical teleconnections associated with Rossby wave trains towards South America, further extended by subtropical Atlantic Ocean SST anomalies. This feature reduced the atmospheric moisture inflow from the Amazon and weakened the development of the Bolivian High in the upper troposphere. These results document a new atmospheric mechanism related to extreme droughts in the TDPS associated with La Niña SST anomalies during the pre-wet season. This goes beyond the traditional understanding of El Niño events, especially the strongest ones, being associated with dry conditions in the TDPS during the wet season (December–March).1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Present variability and future change in onset and cessation of the rainy season over Peru(Wiley, 2024-12-03)Changes in patterns of accumulated rainfall, as well as the rainy season onset, cessation and duration, can impact the availability of water resources and sectors such as agriculture, affecting the livelihoods of the population. The knowledge of these changes is crucial for regions driven by strong precipitation variability such as the Andean countries. Therefore, the aim of this work is to determine the present and future spatio‐temporal patterns of the onset, cessation and duration of the rainy season in Peru. For this purpose, we analysed in a first step the present variability and trends in 11 homogeneous regions using data from 377 ground stations for the period 1981–2019. The results showed significant trends (1981–2019) of earlier onset and increased duration only in the Southern Peruvian Amazon (Madre de Dios River basin). Furthermore, the accumulated rainfall has significant trends of increases in North East Andes, Northern and Southern Amazon. In a second step, we assessed future changes of the rainy season from an ensemble of statistically downscaled CMIP6 climate scenarios. A two‐tailed Student t‐test was used to evaluate the significance of changes. Two future time slices (2031–2060 and 2071–2100) relative to the reference period (1981–2010) were analysed. Future changes of the rainy season showed significant delays in the onset for the Central East Andes, South West Andes and Amazon regions in the period 2071–2100. Likewise, the rainy season duration presents future significant reductions in regions of the central and southern Andes under the SSP2‐4.5 scenario. Moreover, the accumulated precipitation is projected to increase significantly in the Pacific slope and Andes regions, mainly under the SSP5‐8.5 scenario. These findings are particularly important for sectors like agriculture, energy and water resources management.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The new record of drought and warmth in the Amazon in 2023 related to regional and global climatic features(Nature Research, 2024-12-01)In 2023 Amazonia experienced both historical drought and warm conditions. On October 26th 2023 the water levels at the port of Manaus reached its lowest record since 1902 (12.70 m). In this region, October monthly maximum and minimum temperature anomalies also surpassed previous record values registered in 2015 (+ 3 °C above the normal considering the 1981–2020 average). Here we show that this historical dry and warm situation in Amazonia is associated with two main atmospheric mechanisms: (i) the November 2022–February 2023 southern anomaly of vertical integrated moisture flux (VIMF), related to VIMF divergence and extreme rainfall deficit over southwestern Amazonia, and (ii) the June–August 2023 downward motion over northern Amazonia related to extreme rainfall deficit and warm conditions over this region. Anomalies of both atmospheric mechanisms reached record values during this event. The first mechanism is significantly correlated to negative sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial Pacific (November–February La Niña events). The second mechanism is significantly correlated to positive SST anomalies in the equatorial Pacific, related to the impacts of June–September El Niño on the Walker Circulation. While previous extreme droughts were linked to El Niño (warmer North Tropical Atlantic SST) during the austral summer (winter and spring), the transition from La Niña 2022–23 to El Niño 2023 appears to be a key climatic driver in this record-breaking dry and warm situation, combined to a widespread anomalous warming over the worldwide ocean. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Pan-Peruvian Simulation of Present and Projected Future Hydrological Conditions Using Novel Data Products and CMIP6 Climate Projections(RELX Group (Netherlands), 2023-01-01)1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Long-term basin trends confirm a record 2022–2024 hydrological drought and water-storage losses in western Amazonia(Elsevier BV, 2025-12-01)Western Amazonia, including the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Amazon-Andes transition zone, within the contributing basin of the Tamshiyacu hydrological station near the Marañón–Ucayali confluence, contributing ∼16 % of Amazon discharge (32,000 m³ s⁻¹). This study follows a three-part methodology: (i) establishing a long-term historical baseline by evaluating trends in precipitation (1981–2024), runoff (1984–2024), and high-runoff season timing (1984–2024); (ii) characterizing recent rainfall anomalies in the 2022–2024 period; and (iii) diagnosing the 2022–2024 drought's hydrological impacts using standardized indices (SRI) and water storage anomalies. This study first establishes critical long-term (1981–2024) trends, revealing a significant delay in the onset of the high-runoff season (12 days/decade) and a significant decrease in low-flow season discharge (−116.3 m³ s⁻¹ yr⁻¹). This trend analysis provided the necessary historical context, revealing long-term vulnerability that was exacerbated by the 2022–2024 drought, driven by persistent precipitation deficits. The drought's impacts were unprecedented: the drought lasted a record 24 months (SRI-6), TWS anomalies reached their lowest level on record (below −15 cm), and discharge collapsed below 10,000 m³ s⁻¹ by August 2024. These findings underscore the region's growing vulnerability and the urgent need for adaptive water resource management. • The 2022–2024 Amazon drought lasted 24 months, the longest on record. • High-runoff season onset delayed by 12 days per decade from 1984 to 2024. • Terrestrial and groundwater storage showed depletion, worsening water scarcity.1