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Mercado laboral e intervención del estado : 1986-1992
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1993)
How the labour market operates given the institutional changes in the labour sector after August 1990. An attempt is made to explain the evolution of employment and average real wages in large companies in Metropolitan Lima ibefore and after the reforms. This work focuses on the period between April 1986 and October 1992 when major changes were made to labor laws, simultaneously with a significant drop in real wages and employment already underway since 1988.This analysis is significant as it seeks to establish whether the “flexible” labour market created by those reforms eventually led to changes in the way it operates, as pretended by the measures taken until then. The second sectionbs presents a summary vision of changes in labour laws.
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Oferta familiar de trabajo en Lima Metropolitana : 1989-1992
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1995)
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the determinants of the participation of women and men in the work force, as members of a family. The cross-section analysis is for 1989 and 1992; and it is made for two types of family, the “traditional”, where the headship is a man and the spouse is present, and for a family where the headship is a woman and there is no spouse. By using LOGIT equations, we examine the influence of personal, familiar and context variables on the probability of participation in the work force. First, we find that more years of schooling determine greater participation in the work force only for women that are spouses; while we can say that older people participate less than younger people in all cases. Also, the presence of children in a house determines less probability of participation of women only when they are not headships. Finally, a greater family unemployment rate is associated with greater participation of spouses and less participation of headships in the work force.
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Empleo, salarios reales y producto : 1970-1995
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1997)
The principal purpose of this paper is to analyze the links between the labor market and growth in the economy of Lima Metropolitana, between 1970 and 1995. The effect of labor market in the product is indirect, by means of the effect of real wages upon domestic demand and external competitiveness. This double effect that real wages have is mediated by labor institutions. A second purpose of this paper is to determine if the growth of the product turns in a growth of the employment in the modern sector. By means of an analysis of cointegration we find real wages and the real expenditure of the government in wages are positively related to the product, while the real exchange rate has a negative relation. We also find that there exists a positive relation between the product and the employment of the modern sector, even though there is a subvaluation of the employment in the last years of the period. Finally, the stability tests obtained from the respective Error Correction Models tell us that the recent changes in the labor institutions still don’t have a noticeable effect on the estimated relations.
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Cambios en la legislación laboral y desempleo
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1998)
The objective of this paper is to analyze the adjustment of the labor market, in the context of mayor changes in labor legislation between 1990 and 1996. We analyze the effects of a reduction in labor turnover costs over the unemployment rate and the unemployment duration. By means of a cross section analysis, over the Ministry of Labor’s Household surveys, we find that the reduction in labor turnover costs has lead to a reduction of the unemployment rates of women and young workforce, while the unemployment rate of adult men has increased slightly. Also, the unemployment rate of the more educated workforce has been falling since 1994. In regard to unemployment duration, we find that, in a way similar to the behavior of the unemployment rate, it has fallen for women and young workforce. Something important is that the unemployment duration of people fired from the modern sector is longer than that on previously informal sector workers, which can be associated with changes in legislation as well as with the process of terciarization of the labor force. Finally, the duration of unemployment is longer for more educated workers, in a context when both supply and demand have grown.
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El comportamiento laboral de la familia limeña : 1989-1993
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1996)
The aim of this paper is to analyze the behavior in the labor market of the family from Lima Metropolitana, in a context of crisis and labor reform. Using the theory of family labor supply, participation in the labor force of women and men is analyzed in base of individual and family variables. The hypothesis is that the asymmetry usually observed in the labor behavior of women and men is caused by the roles they both assume in the family, and not by differences in human capital. So, by the estimation of LOGIT equations, we actually find that the role assumed by a person in the family, whether a woman or a man, is what explains her behavior in the labor market.
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Desempleo por sexo: 1989-1996. Un análisis microeconómico
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1999)
The aim of this paper is to determine the influence of personal characteristics and previous labor story on the probability of being unemployed. So we estimate a PROBIT regression for years 1989, 1991 and 1996, using data from the Employment Level Surveys for Lima Metropolitana. We find, first, that women have a greater probability of being unemployed when younger, but we don’t find the same effect for men. Second, we find that the probability of being unemployed is less if more educated for the years previous to labor reform. Third, we find that previous salaried workers are most likely to be unemployed than previous independent workers, as is the trend in Latin America. Finally, the estimates for previous economic activity confirm that the employment structure in Lima Metropolitana is changing towards a greater weight on the primary sector.
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Intervención del estado en el mercado de trabajo : la ley de fomento del empleo
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1996)
The labor reform which began in Peru in 1991 has generated a new labor context. The aim of this article is to analyze the effect of the change in labor legislation on the labor market adjustment process of Lima Metropolitana. By means of the analysis of unemployment structure and of the time people stay unempoyed, we find that the reduction in labor turnover costs, since it does not affect the segmentation of labor structure, has determined that labor market adjustment process continues to be slow and not necessarily efficient. So, although people stay unemployed less time than before, unemployment rates continue to be high and there are still differences between segments.
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Mujer y oferta de trabajo
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1992)
A study on the factors determining married and partnered women’s labour supply drawing on data for Metropolitan Lima. Focusing on this population segment is warranted by significant literature available, its behaviour determined by conditions which presumably lead to a distinct labour behavior compared to other women . Additionally, in Metropolitan Lima, married and partnered women are a significant percent of the total women working population, i.e. between 51% and 50.3% in 1981 and 1989, respectively.
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