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Item type:Publication, Vegetation warming and greenness decline across Amazonia during the extreme drought of 2023(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-07-01)In 2023, most parts of the world experienced exceptional heat. In particular, anomalous warm temperatures and heatwave events were evidenced across South America during the second half of the year. The situation was particularly critical in the Amazon region in terms of not only hydrometeorological drought but also ecological and socioeconomic impacts. In this study, remote-sensing data collected from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were used to observe the changes in temperature and vegetation across Amazonia during the exceptional drought of 2023. This analysis was based on anomalies in the land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation indices: the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The amplitude of the LST (AMP-LST), an indicator of the energy partitioning between the latent and sensible heat flux, and fire counts were also considered. The results show widespread and extreme warming across Amazonia during the austral spring in 2023, accompanied by a decline in vegetation greenness, water stress conditions across northern Amazonia, and an enhanced fire occurrence across central and northern Amazonia. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Long-term variability, extremes and changes in temperature and hydrometeorology in the Amazon region: A review(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, 2024-01-01)This review discusses observed hydroclimatic trends and future climate projections for the Amazon. Warming over this region is a fact, but the magnitude of the warming trend varies depending on the datasets and length of the analyzed period. The warming trend has been more evident since 1980 and has further enhanced since 2000. Long-term trends in climate and hydrology are assessed. Various studies have reported an intensification of the hydrological cycle and a lengthening of the dry season in the southern Amazon. Changes in floods and droughts, mainly due to natural climate variability and land use change, are also assessed. For instance, in the first half of the 20th century, extreme flood events occurred every 20 years. Since 2000, there has been one severe flood every four years. During the last four decades, the northern Amazon has experienced enhanced convective activity and rainfall, in contrast to decreases in convection and rainfall in the southern Amazon. Climate change in the Amazon will have impacts at regional and global scales. Significant reductions in rainfall are projected for the eastern Amazon.