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Macroeconomía: enfoques y modelos. nuevos ejercicios resueltos: capítulos 10 y 11
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2002)
The theory of economic policy and the new tendencies on macroeconomics are the two issues, which are illustrated with solved problems in this document. There are exercises on both approaches to economic policy: the traditional and the version based on rules. It is also included exercise related to the new Keynesian macroeconomics, the growth theory and real business cycle. This document is part of Macro 2 course and it is oriented to help the teaching and training in macroeconomics.
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Macroeconomía: enfoques y modelos. Nuevos ejercicios resueltos: Capítulos 3, 4, 5 y 7
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2001)
Keynesianism, monetarism and new classical macroeconomics are some issues discussed in this document. It contains several exercises which will permit differentiate these approach to macroeconomics. It also contains the methods for solving models with rational expectations. The content of this document belongs to the first part of Macro 2 course and it is oriented to help the teaching and training in macroeconomics in this university.
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Macroeconomía: enfoques y modelos. Nuevos ejercicios resueltos: capítulo 9
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2002)
This document contains exercises on open macroeconomics. There are several problems related to Mundell-Fleming model, the exchange rate dynamics and overshooting models with rational expectations. Its content is part of Macro 2 course and it is oriented to help the teaching and training in macroeconomics in this university.
1
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Ciclos y determinantes del crecimiento económico : Perú 1950-1996
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1997)
This essay is concerned with Peruvian economic growth and its cycles from 1950 to 1995, and the long stagnation that begins in 1975-1978. The corresponding analysis is based on the hypothesis that the Peruvian economic dynamics responds to the unbalanced character of industrialization and to the behavior of investment that was not affected by the import substitution process. With an investment vector that does not stimulate the domestic market, the growth and the cycles are determined by demand impulses that come from the public sector and/or from those external markets where domestic industrial production is competitive. Since the demand increases are correlated with a greater external deficit, the sustained growth, in the long term, is impossible unless the structural problems of the manufacturing sector are solved. Once the importance of this sector and its significant correlation with other demand determined activities are tested, the data of non-primary output is calculated in order to explain its long run behavior and to test, by co-integration method, the role of the state expenditures in the generation of its cycles and trend. Finally, by estimating the non-primary potential output, the hypothesis of the long run stagnation, associated to the exhaustion of import substitution process, is confirmed.
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Perú: sostenibilidad, balance estructural y propuesta de una regla fiscal
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2003)
The main purpose of this paper is to develop the methodological elements of a counter cyclical fiscal rule interrelated to fiscal sustainability. The well known methods of sustainability based on intertemporal budget restriction, are discussed and reformulated by taking into account the two public debt: foreign an domestic. The new model captures the effects of exchange rate and the differential of the rates of interest variations. Finally, the counter cyclical fiscal rule is built on the basis of the so-called permanent primary surplus which makes sustainable to fiscal policy.
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Notas sobre la determinación y dinámica del tipo de cambio
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1998)
This paper is about the dynamics and the exchange rate determination in an open economy with free capital movements. The basic monetary and portfolio models are presented and analyzed. The paper includes a brief description of the interest and purchasing power parities, which are part of both types of models. The hypothesis of rational expectations is part of almost all of these models, which are presented in a system of two differential equations. For this reason, the mathematical instruments for the comparative static and for the solution of these models are presented in a systematic way.
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La nueva teoría del comercio internacional
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1998)
This essay is an analytical systematization of the new theory of international trade (NTT). According to the NTT the increasing returns to scale would explain trade among countries. This theory is constructed on the basis of industrial organization models developed in the seventies, which put together the imperfect competition and increasing returns to scale. The five important topics concerned with the NTT (causes of trade, role of history, trade and technological change, trade policy, and geography and trade), are analyzed in this essay. Representative models are developed for each case and the theory is presented simplifying the results and contrasting them with empirical evidence, which was taken from other research works.
2
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Competition, effective demand and long-run position in a capitalist economy
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1996)
An analysis of the usefulness of the long term position category in a capitalistic economy for developing a product and employment theory based on the principle of effective demand. A critical review of the role of expectations for the explanation of cycles, long term positions and the respective shifts. This long term position emerges as the average outcomeof short term economic movements, and acts as an economic gravity center, as with Ricardian production prices. The linkages between the short and long terms, or between fluctuations and the gravity center, is presented in a formal model or system of linear and non-homogeneous differential equations.
2
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Keynesianismo, monetarismo y nueva macroeconomía "clásica"
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1999)
This essay presents the keynesian and monetarisit approaches to the effects of monetary policies on output and employment. The keynesians argue that the monetary authorities could permanently increase output or employment by raising monetary growth, trading this off against a higher wage and price inflation. But, according to monetarists, a government attempting to trade off a higher inflation rate against lower unemployment will merely obtain a short run reduction in unemployment and a permanently higher inflation rate. The answer of new classical macroeconomists to monetarists is also analyzed. Monetarist argument is based on the adaptive expectations hypothesis. For the new classical economists real income and employment respond only to unanticipated demand changes; output never systematically deviates from its natural level and systematic government policy cannot affect real output or employment. This policy neutrality result is based on the rational expectations hypothesis. The meaning of policy optimality and Lucas critique are also analyzed. Finally, the essay presents the three basic methods for solving problems with rational expectation.
1
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Macroeconomía: breve historia y conceptos básicos
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1999)
This essay is an introduction to macroeconomics. It starts with a brief history of this branch of economic science from Petty, Cantillon and Hume contributions until the recent propositions of the so-called New “Classical” Macroeconomics. Certainly, it is also analyzed the classic, neoclassic, keynesian and monetarist contributions to macroeconomics analysis. Moreover, it contains a quick presentation of basic macroeconomic concepts and variables, and others associated to model techniques. The static analysis is distinguished from dynamics, and at the same time it is explained the importance of principle of correspondence for comparative static.
1

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