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Outbreak of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in lesser rhea in Peru, June-July 2025
(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2026-05-13)
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are endemic in the Americas and responsible for outbreaks in both domestic and wild birds that occasionally spill over into humans. We report the first known outbreak of AIV H9N2 in lesser rhea ( Rhea pennata ), also known as Darwin's rhea, in the region of Puno-Peru. The animals in this study lived in an isolated conservation center located in remote highlands above 4,000 m.a.s.l. Between June and July 2025, a total of 46/92 animals were recorded sick, with symptoms including greenish diarrhea (100%), hyporexia (24%), dyspnea (76%), nasal discharge (42%), drowsiness (18%) and isolation from the flock (73%), and 94% later died. Gross pathology exams revealed septicemia characterized by severe hepatitis, pneumonia, tracheitis, enteritis, and encephalitis. Swab and necropsy samples tested positive for Influenza A by PCR and were later identified as H9N2 through whole genome sequencing. We generated complete H9N2 genomes for two individuals. No additional pathogens were found. Phylogenetic analysis across all eight segments revealed that the viruses were low pathogenicity H9N2 AIV strains of North American origin, which indicated this outbreak was a new introduction of the virus into South America. We also performed a comparative mutational analysis and identified multiple mutations previously associated with mammalian host adaptation, increased virulence, increased pathogenicity, and increased virus binding to α2-6 receptors, which may explain the high mortality rates observed despite the supposedly low pathogenicity of the strain. We also identified novel mutations specific to rhea viruses that will need to be experimentally validated. This is the first report of a natural H9N2 systemic infection in an avian host, highlighting a need for increased surveillance efforts for zoonotic influenza viruses with pandemic potential. Author Summary Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are endemic in the Americas and cause more than 7,600 infections annually in domestic and wild birds worldwide each year. We report detection of AIV H9N2 in lesser rhea during an outbreak that occurred in June-July 2025 in the Andean highlands of Puno in Peru. Multiple sick animals were reported with symptoms of respiratory and gastrointestinal disease and 94% of them later died. Samples collected tested positive for Influenza A and they were subtyped as H9N2 of low pathogenic origin from North America. This is the third time H9N2 enters South America from North America, presumably through wild birds, some of which migrate along the Pacific Flyway. Comparison with other H9N2 sequences revealed a total of 44 mutations of interest that may explain the elevated death rates observed. Surveillance in wild birds remains patchy at best and needs to be strengthened in order to prevent spillover events into other animals, including humans.
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Immature stages and new host plant records for eight euptychiine butterflies in southeastern Peru (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Satyrini)
(Magnolia Press, 2026)
We here report the immature stages and novel host plant records for six species in the nymphalid subtribe Euptychiina, which are documented based on populations found in the Madre de Dios department, Peru: Caeruleuptychia urania (Butler, 1867), Harjesia blanda (Möschler, 1876), Deltaya ocypete (Butler, 1867), Yphthimoides renata (Stoll, 1780), Cisandina philippa (Butler, 1867), Cisandina castanya Lamas & Nakahara, 2022. We also report new host plant records for two euptychiine species: Magneuptychia libye (Linnaeus, 1767) and Modestia harpyia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867). A total of eight euptychiine species are discussed in the present study and the majority of new host plant records for them belong to the family Poaceae except for M. harpyia which was found feeding on seedlings of Euterpe precatoria (Arecaceae). We provide photos of documented immature stages and host plants for species discussed herein, as well as DNA barcode data for selected taxa.
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Immature stages and host plant records for the skipper butterflies Xeniades orchamus (Cramer, 1777), Dubia dubia (Bell, 1932), and Tricrista canta (Evans, 1955) in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini)
(Magnolia Press, 2025)
We describe the immature biology of three skipper species in the tribe Hesperiini (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae), Xeniades orchamus Cramer in the subtribe Hesperiina, and Dubia dubia Bell and Tricrista canta Evans in the subtribe Moncina. All species were recorded feeding on Guadua weberbaueri Pilger (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae). One larva of each species was collected in nature at Finca Las Piedras, a biological research station located in the Amazonian lowlands of Madre de Dios, Peru. Larvae were reared to adulthood in an onsite laboratory using leaves from G. weberbaueri. We present measurements, descriptions, durations, and photographs of recorded larval instars and pupae, illustrations of larval head capsules, and details of the host plant.
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