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Tracing urban drinking water sources: Global state of the art and insights from an IAEA-coordinated research project
(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2024-10-01)
Climate change, inter-annual precipitation variability, recurrent droughts and flash flooding, coupled with increasing water needs, are shaping the co-evolution of socioeconomic and cultural assemblages, water laws and regulations, and equitable drinking water access and allocation worldwide. Recognising the need for mitigation strategies for drinking water availability in urban areas, the Isotope Hydrology Section of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) coordinated a state-of-the-art global assessment to evaluate water sources and distribution of drinking water supply in urban centres, an initiative entitled ‘Use of Isotope Techniques for the Evaluation of Water Sources for Domestic Supply in Urban Areas (2018–2023)’. Here, we report on (a) current research trends for studying urban drinking water systems during the last two decades and (b) the development, testing and integration of new methodologies, aiming for a better assessment, mapping and management of water resources used for drinking water supply in urban settings. Selected examples of water isotope applications (Canada, USA, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Morocco, Botswana, Romania, Slovenia, India and Nepal) provide context to the insights and recommendations reported and highlight the versatility of water isotopes to underpin seasonal and temporal variations across various environmental and climate scenarios. The study revealed that urban areas depend on a large spectrum of water recharge across mountain ranges, extensive local groundwater extraction and water transfer from nearby or distant river basins. The latter is reflected in the spatial isotope snapshot variability. High-resolution monitoring (hourly and sub-hourly) isotope sampling revealed large diurnal variations in the wet tropics (Costa Rica) (up to 1.5‰ in δ18O) and more uniform diurnal variations in urban centres fed by groundwater sources (0.08‰ in δ18O) (Ljubljana, Slovenia). Similarly, while d-excess was fairly close to the global mean value (+10‰) across all urban centres (10‰–15‰), reservoir-based drinking water systems show lower values (up to ~ −20‰) (Arlington, TX, USA and Gaborone, Botswana), as a result of strong evapoconcentration processes. δ18O time series and depth-integrated sampling highlighted the influence of the catchment damping ratio in the ultimate intake water composition. By introducing new, traceable spatial and temporal tools that span from the water source to the end-user and are linked to the engineered and socio-economic structure of the water distribution system, governmental, regional or community-based water operators and practitioners could enhance drinking water treatment strategies (including more accurate surface water blending estimations) and improve urban water management and conservation plans in the light of global warming.
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The role of global warming trend and tropical interannual variability as drivers of South America’s 2022–2024 climate extremes
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2026-09-01)
From 2022 to 2024, South America experienced unprecedented regional climate extremes with severe socioeconomic impacts. These included extreme anomalies in temperature and precipitation, causing extreme drought conditions in southeastern South America and the Altiplano during spring 2022; extreme fire weather in central Chile in summer 2023; flooding in Rio Grande do Sul during autumn 2024; and the multiyear Amazon drought persisting throughout the springs 2022–2024. While these events were linked to the Global warming trend (GWT), Tropical interannual variability (TIV), and synoptic-scale processes, their contributions need to be clarified. Using linear regression, we decomposed the observed climate anomalies during 1998–2024 into GWT and TIV components and derived a Residual component representing anomalies not explained by either. This approach clarifies, through seasonal spatial patterns and contributions from regional variance, the roles of GWT and TIV in observed climate extremes across South America. From spring 2022 to spring 2024, GWT exhibited a strong background warming anomaly, while TIV displayed unusually robust teleconnections, particularly during its positive phases. As a result, a significant part of precipitation variability associated with climate extremes across the continent was driven by TIV, whereas GWT dominated in central-southern Chile. Both TIV and GWT contributed substantially to widespread South American warming, with GWT becoming the dominant influence as TIV weakened, except in central-southern Chile, where other factors prevailed. The unprecedented concurrence of strong GWT and combined TIV forcing amplified and prolonged climate extremes across the continent. The framework presented here can support climate extremes attribution worldwide.
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