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Seismic Assessment of the Lima Cathedral Bell Towers via Kinematic and Nonlinear Static Pushover Analyses
(Taylor and Francis Inc.325 Chestnut St, Suite 800PhiladelphiaPA 19106, 2020-07-02)
The protection of cultural heritage against earthquake induced actions is one of the main challenges the earthquake engineering science and practice are facing. This article presents a seismic assessment study on one of the most ancient colonial buildings present in Peru, the Cathedral of Lima, focusing on its towers. A historical review highlighted how these structures, together with the whole Cathedral, suffered intense damage and partial collapse during previous earthquakes. In order to identify the structure main deficiencies, both linear kinematic analyses and nonlinear static analyses have been performed. Different nonlinear finite element models have been created to evaluate the influence of the adjacent walls. Different load distributions have been compared to evaluate how simplified patterns could provide results close to load distributions taken from a modal analysis of the complex. A simple retrofit strategy, consisting on the introduction of steel ties, has also been studied as a reference. Results show good correlation between kinematic and pushover analyses. The construction, when compared to the requirements of the national code for new buildings, results significantly vulnerable, pointing out the need to accept some structural damage even after seismic retrofit.
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Experimental and analytical bond behaviour of masonry strengthened with steel reinforced grout (SRG)
(Elsevier, 2020-03-30)
Steel Reinforced Grout (SRG) is gaining popularity as a retrofitting system for structural elements due to advantages such as its effectiveness and ease of installation. The good performance of SRG system has turned out to be substantially dependent on the behaviour of the bond between the composite layer and the substrate. This paper presents an experimental study of the bond behaviour of Peruvian masonry strengthened with SRG, along with a characterization of the materials by means of direct tensile tests on the fiber and compression tests on the mortar. The criteria of the sample's geometry, construction and test procedure are discussed for each trial since up to now there has been a gap in the standards that control them. In addition, an analytical model is employed in order to obtain design bond parameters to define a Cohesive Material Law (CML). The strain profile, slip profile, force profile and shear stress profile along the length of the bond are presented for each bond test. Finally, an optimal bond length is proposed for SRG material and a fracture energy value at the matrix-fiber interface.
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Construcción y mantenimiento de viviendas de albañilería para albañiles y maestros de obra
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2004-11)
El Perú se encuentra ubicado en una zona sísmica. Cada cierto tiempo ocurren terremotos que hacen que las viviendas mal construidas sufran daños importantes. En esta cartilla te enseñaremos a construir viviendas sismorresistentes. No olvides que es importante consultar a un ingeniero civil antes de elaborar los planos y construir tu vivienda.
1
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Construcción y mantenimiento de viviendas de albañilería para albañiles y maestros de obra
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2006)
El Perú se encuentra ubicado en una zona sísmica. Cada cierto tiempo ocurren terremotos que hacen que las viviendas mal construidas sufran daños importantes. En esta nueva versión de la cartilla te enseñaremos a construir viviendas sismorresistentes no solo para la costa, sino también para las regiones de selva y sierra. No olvides que es importante consultar a un ingeniero civil antes de elaborar los planos y construir tu vivienda.
1
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Construcción y mantenimiento de viviendas de albañilería para albañiles y maestros de obra
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2005-01)
El Perú se encuentra ubicado en una zona sísmica. Cada cierto tiempo ocurren terremotos que hacen que las viviendas mal construidas sufran daños importantes. En esta cartilla te enseñaremos a construir viviendas sismorresistentes. No olvides que es importante consultar a un ingeniero civil antes de elaborar los planos y construir tu vivienda.
1
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Rope mesh as a seismic reinforcement for two‑storey adobe Buildings
(2022)
Throughout the world, millions of people are at risk because they live in unreinforced earthen dwellings, which have consistently shown extremely poor structural behaviour during earthquakes. Every single earthquake occurring in these areas has caused unacceptable loss of life, injuries, and property damage. Earthquakes are recurrent and construction damage is cumulative. It is urgent, therefore, to devise low-cost, easy-to-implement seismic reinforcement systems and to make them available to the actual dwellers. A group of researchers at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú has been working towards that goal, especially on improving the seismic capacity of one-storey adobe dwellings. They have proposed construction methodologies for a seismic reinforcement system consisting of a mesh of nylon ropes that confines all earthen walls. This reinforcement system would control the wall displacements and prevent the overturning of wall portions that may occur due to seismic shaking. To validate the effectiveness of the nylon rope mesh reinforcement on two-storey adobe dwellings, shaking table tests were conducted on unreinforced and half-scale reinforced adobe models, simulating the actions of slight, moderate and strong seismic ground shaking. These models were designed to include the main construction features of typical adobe dwellings in the Peruvian Andes. The results of the experimental tests showed that the rope mesh reinforcement system was able to preserve the structural stability of the tested reduced-scale adobe models under strong motions, thus preventing collapse. It is expected that the proposed reinforced system would also improve the seismic performance of one and two-storey adobe dwellings, reducing in this way their inherent high seismic risk.
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Multi-criteria analysis of five reinforcement options for Peruvian confined masonry walls
(2019)
In Peru, construction of dwellings using confined masonry walls (CM) has a high percentage of acceptance within many sectors of the population. It is estimated that only in Lima, 80% of the constructions use CM and at least 70% of these are informal constructions. This mean that they are built without proper technical advice and generally have a high seismic vulnerability. One way to reduce this vulnerability is by reinforcing the walls. However, despite the existence of some reinforcement methods in the market, not all of them can be applied massively because there are other parameters to take into account, as economical, criteria for seismic improvement, reinforcement ratio, etc. Therefore, in this paper the feasibility of using five reinforcement techniques has been studied and compared. These reinforcements are: welded mesh (WM), glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), steel bar wire mesh (CSM), steel reinforced grout (SRG). The Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method can be useful to evaluate the most optimal strengthening technique for a fast, effective and massive use plan in Peru. The results of using MCDM with 10 criteria indicate that the Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and Steel Reinforced Grout (SRG) methods are the most suitable for a massive reinforcement application in Lima.
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Alternative approach for reproducing the in-plane behaviour of rubble stone walls
(2017)
Stone masonry is one of the oldest construction types due to the natural and free availability of stones and the relatively easy construction. Since stone masonry is brittle, it is also very vulnerable and in the case of earthquakes damage, collapses and causalities are very likely to occur, as it has been seen during the last Italian earthquake in Amatrice in 2016. In the recent years, some researchers have performed experimental tests to improve the knowledge of the behaviour of stone masonry. Concurrently, there is the need to reproduce the seismic behaviour of these structures by numerical approaches, also in consideration of the high cost of experimental tests. In this work, an alternative simplified procedure to numerically reproduce the diagonal compression and shear compression tests on a rubble stone masonry is proposed within the finite element method. The proposed procedure represents the stone units as rigid bodies and the mortar as a plastic material with compression and tension inelastic behaviour calibrated based on parametric studies. The validation of the proposed model was verified by comparison with experimental data. The advantage of this simplified methodology is the use of a limited number of degrees of freedom which allows the reduction of the computational time, which leaves the possibility to carry out parametric studies that consider different wall configurations.
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Out-of-plane analysis of dry-stone walls using a pseudo-static experimental and numerical approach in scaled-down specimens
(Elsevier, 2021)
The objective of the present work is to study the response of dry stone walls subjected to out-of-plane forces and the influence of block`s rugosity, joint arrangement, and border conditions. For this purpose, a series of scaled-down experimental tests on a tilting table and 3D numerical modelling using discrete elements, DEM, are proposed. In the numerical model, the applicability of some types of discrete elements is first studied. The preliminary analysis gives us useful information about the effects of the joint disposition and the border conditions in the response. Finally, the sensitivity of the response of the blocks to the parameter’s variations is analyzed. The experimental and numerical results show that the DEM method is adequate to simulate the failure mode, the displacement, and the lateral load of stone walls due to out-of-plane lateral loads considering the effect of the irregularity of the blocks, joint arrangement, and border conditions.
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Displacement-Based Fragility Curves for Seismic Assessment of Adobe Buildings in Cusco, Peru
(2012)
The seismic vulnerability of single-story adobe dwellings located in Cusco, Peru, is studied based on a mechanics-based procedure, which considers the analysis of in-plane and out-of-plane failure mechanisms of walls. The capacity of each dwelling is expressed as a function of its displacement capacity and period of vibration and is evaluated for different limit states to damage. The seismic demand has been obtained from several displacement response spectral shapes. From the comparison of the capacity with the demand, probabilities of failure have been obtained for different PGA values. The results indicate that fragility curves in terms of PGA are strongly influenced by the response spectrum shape; however, this is not the case for the derivation of fragility curves in terms of limit state spectral displacement. Finally, fragility curves for dwellings located in Pisco, Peru, were computed and the probabilities of failure were compared with the data obtained from the 2007 Peruvian earthquake.
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